The schools, said Miller, “resembled a method of furnishing cheap, semiskilled labour to EuroCanadian homes more than it did a system of advanced training.” The facilities, he concluded, had an “unhealthy emphasis on extracting labour” and “had little, if anything, to do with vocational and trades instruction.” As sociologist Bernard Schissel of the University of Saskatchewan put it, residential schools were part of a “system of child and youth slavery under the guise of mandatory education.” This “forced schooling,” he said, “provided free child and youth labour for farms, industries, churches and households.” The “expressed intent” of Canada’s mainstream churches was not to educate but to “destroy a culture and rebuild ‘Indian’ kids as active participants in the industrial economy.”